# A History of Western Philosophy: Ancient Philosophy

> ## Part I. The Pre-Socratics

## Part I. The Pre-Socratics

### Chapter 1. The Rise of Greek Civilization

### Chapter 2. The Milesian School

### Chapter 3. Pythagoras

<Pythagoras>

### Chapter 4. Heraclitus

<Heraclitus>

철학자를 이해하기 위한 러셀의 접근법:

> In studying a philosopher, the right attitude is neither reverence nor contempt, but first a kind of hypothetical sympathy, until it is possible to know what it feels like to believe in his theories, and only then a revival of the critical attitude, which should resemble, as far as possible, the state of mind of a person abandoning opinions which he has hitherto held. Contempt interferes with the first part of this process, and reverence with the second. Two things are to be remembered: that a man whose opinions and theories are worth studying may be presumed to have had some intelligence, but that no man is likely to have arrived at complete and final truth on any subject whatever. When an intelligent man expresses a view which seems to us obviously absurd, we should not attempt to prove that it is somehow true, but we should try to understand how it ever came to seem true. This exercise of historical and psychological imagination at once enlarges the scope of our thinking, and helps us to realize how foolish many of our own cherished prejudices will seem to an age which has a different temper of mind.

### Chapter 5. Parmenides

<Parmenides>

### Chapter 6. Empedocles

<Empedocles>

### Chapter 7. Athens in Relation to Culture

### Chapter 8. Anaxagoras

<Anaxagoras>

### Chapter 9. The Atomists

### Chapter 10. Protagoras

<Protagoras>

## Part II. Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle

### Chapter 11. Socrates

<Socrates>

### Chapter 12. The Influence of Sparta

### Chapter 13. The Sources of Plato's Opinions

<Plato>

### Chapter 14. Plato's Utopia

### Chapter 15. The Theory of Ideas

### Chapter 16. Plato's Theory of Immortality

### Chapter 17. Plato's Cosmogony

### Chapter 18. Knowledge and Perception in Plato

### Chapter 19. Aristotle's Metaphysics

<Aristotle>

### Chapter 20. Aristotle's Ethics

### Chapter 21. Aristotle's Politics

### Chapter 22. Aristotle's Logic

### Chapter 23. Aristotle's Physics

### Chapter 24. Early Greek Mathematics and Astronomy

## Part III. Ancient Philosophy after Aristotle

### Chapter 25. The Hellenistic World

### Chapter 26. Cynics and Sceptics

### Chapter 27. The Epicureans

### Chapter 28. Stoicism

### Chapter 29. The Roman Empire in Relation to Culture

### Chapter 30. Plotinus

<Plotinus>