# Human evolutionary history

> 인간의 진화사

<인간>의 <진화사>

## Major events

13,700 mya

- The <Big bang> - Origin of Universe.

4,568 mya

- Earth forms

4,540 mya

- [명왕누대](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Hadean%20eon.txt)의 시작

4,100 mya

- 첫 생명 활동 가능성 ([Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4664351/), 2015년 연구)

4,031 mya

- [명왕누대](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Hadean%20eon.txt)가 끝나고 [시생누대](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Archean%20eon.txt) <초시생대>가 시작

4,000 - 3,800 mya

- <원핵생물> 출현

3,600 mya

- <초시생대>가 끝나고 <고시생대>가 시작

3,500 mya

- <남세균> 출현

3,200 mya

- <고시생대>가 끝나고 <중시생대>가 시작

2,800 mya

- <중시생대>가 끝나고 <신시생대>가 시작

2,500 - 2,200 mya

- <산소>를 사용하는 첫 생명체
- [Great Oxidation Event](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Great%20Oxidation%20Event.txt)

2,500 mya

- [시생누대](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Archean%20eon.txt) <신시생대>가 끝나고 [원생누대](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Proterozoic%20eon.txt) [고원생대](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Paleoproterozoic%20era.txt) <시데로스기>가 시작

2,300 mya

- <시데로스기>가 끝나고 <라이악스기>가 시작

2,200 - 1,800 mya

- <진핵생물> 출현

2,050 mya

- <라이악스기>가 끝나고 <오로세이라기>가 시작

1,800 mya

- <오로세이라기>가 끝나고 <스타테로스기>가 시작

1,600 mya

- [고원생대](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Paleoproterozoic%20era.txt) <스타테로스기>가 끝나고 [중원생대](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Mesoproterozoic%20era.txt) <칼리마기>가 시작

1,400 mya

- <칼리마기>가 끝나고 <엑타시스기>가 시작

1,200 mya

- <엑타시스기>가 끝나고 <스테노스기>가 시작
- [Sexual reproduction](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Sexual%20reproduction.txt) evolves

1,000 mya

- [중원생대](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Mesoproterozoic%20era.txt) <스테노스기>가 끝나고 [신원생대](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Neoproterozoic%20era.txt) <토노스기>가 시작

720 mya

- <토노스기>가 끝나고 <크리오스진기>가 시작

635 mya

- <크리오스진기>가 끝나고 [에디아카라기](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Ediacaran%20period.txt)가 시작

538.8 mya

- [원생누대](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Proterozoic%20eon.txt) [신원생대](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Neoproterozoic%20era.txt) [에디아카라기](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Ediacaran%20period.txt)가 끝나고 [현생누대](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Phanerozoic%20eon.txt) [고생대](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Paleozoic%20era.txt) [캄브리아기](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Cambrian%20period.txt) <테르뇌브세>가 시작.
- 지구 탄생부터 이 직전까지의 시기를 모두 합쳐서 [선캄브리아 시대](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Precambrian.txt)라고 부른다.
- [캄브리아기 대폭발](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Cambrian%20explosion.txt)

521 mya

- <테르뇌브세>가 끝나고 <캄브리아기 제2세>가 시작

506.5 mya

- <캄브리아기 제2세>가 끝나고 <푸룽세>가 시작

500 - 450 mya

- First <vertebrates>.

486.85 mya

- [캄브리아기](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Cambrian%20period.txt) <푸룽세>가 끝나고 [오르도비스기](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Ordovician%20period.txt) <전기 오르도비스기>가 시작

471.3 mya

- <전기 오르도비스기>가 끝나고 <중기 오르도비스기>가 시작

458.2 mya

- <중기 오르도비스기>가 끝나고 [후기 오르도비스기](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Late%20Ordovician.txt)가 시작

445-444 mya

- <Late Ordovician mass extinction>

443.1 mya

- [오르도비스기](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Ordovician%20period.txt) [후기 오르도비스기](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Late%20Ordovician.txt)가 끝나고 [실루리아기](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Silurian%20period.txt) <란도베리세>가 시작

433.4 mya

- <란도베리세>가 끝나고 <웬록세>가 시작

426.7 mya

- <웬록세>가 끝나고 <러들로세>가 시작

423.0 mya

- <러들로세>가 끝나고 <프리돌리세>가 시작

419.62 mya

- [실루리아기](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Silurian%20period.txt) <프리돌리세>가 끝나고 [데본기](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Devonian%20period.txt) <전기 데본기>가 시작

393.47 mya

- <전기 데본기>가 끝나고 <중기 데본기>가 시작

382.7 mya

- <중기 데본기>가 끝나고 [후기 데본기](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Late%20Devonian.txt)가 시작

372–359 mya

- <Late Devonian mass extinction>

365 mya

- [Fish](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Fish.txt) evolve <lungs> and walk on land.

358.86 mya

- [데본기](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Devonian%20period.txt) [후기 데본기](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Late%20Devonian.txt)가 끝나고 [석탄기](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Carboniferous%20period.txt) <전기 미시시피기>가 시작

346.7 mya

- <전기 미시시피기>가 끝나고 <중기 미시시피기>가 시작

330.3 mya

- <중기 미시시피기>가 끝나고 <후기 미시시피기>가 시작

323.2 mya

- <후기 미시시피기>가 끝나고 <전기 펜실베니아기>가 시작

315.2 mya

- <전기 펜실베니아기>가 끝나고 <중기 펜실베니아기>가 시작

307.0 mya

- <중기 펜실베니아기>가 끝나고 <후기 펜실베니아기>가 시작

298.9 mya

- [석탄기](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Carboniferous%20period.txt) <후기 펜실베니아기>가 끝나고 [페름기](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Permian%20period.txt) <시스우랄세>가 시작

272.95 mya

- <시스우랄세>가 끝나고 <과달루페세>가 시작

259.1 mya

- <과달루페세>가 끝나고 [러핑세](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Lopingian%20epoch.txt)가 시작

252 mya

- <Permian-Triassic extinction event>

251.9 mya

- [고생대](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Paleozoic%20era.txt) [페름기](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Permian%20period.txt) [러핑세](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Lopingian%20epoch.txt)가 끝나고 [중생대](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Mesozoic%20era.txt) [트라이아스기](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Triassic%20period.txt) <전기 트라이아스기>가 시작

248 - 208 mya

- First small <mammals> and <dinosaurs> evolved.

247.2 mya

- <전기 트라이아스기>가 끝나고 <중기 트라이아스기>가 시작

237 mya

- <중기 트라이아스기>가 끝나고 <후기 트라이아스기>가 시작

208 - 65 mya

- Large dinosaurs flourished.

201.4 mya

- [트라이아스기](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Triassic%20period.txt) <후기 트라이아스기>가 끝나고 [쥐라기](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Jurassic%20period.txt) [전기 쥐라기](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Early%20Jurassic.txt)가 시작

201.3 mya

- <Triassic–Jurassic extinction event>

174.1 mya

- [전기 쥐라기](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Early%20Jurassic.txt)가 끝나고 <중기 쥐라기>가 시작

163.5 mya

- <중기 쥐라기>가 끝나고 <후기 쥐라기>가 시작

143.1 mya

- [쥐라기](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Jurassic%20period.txt) <후기 쥐라기>가 끝나고 [백악기](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Cretaceous%20period.txt) <전기 백악기>가 시작

114 mya

- <Placental mammals> evolve.

100.5 mya

- <전기 백악기>가 끝나고 <후기 백악기>가 시작

85 mya

- First <primates> evolve.

66 mya

- [중생대](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Mesozoic%20era.txt) [백악기](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Cretaceous%20period.txt) <후기 백악기>가 끝나고 [신생대](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Cenozoic%20era.txt) [고진기](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Paleogene%20period.txt) [팔레오세](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Paleocene%20epoch.txt)가 시작
- <Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event>

65 mya

- <Dinosaurs> go extinct, <mammals> then increase in size and diversity.

56 mya

- [팔레오세](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Paleocene%20epoch.txt)가 끝나고 <에오세>가 시작

35 mya

- First <apes> evolve.

33.9 mya

- <에오세>가 끝나고 <올리고세>가 시작

23.04 mya

- [고진기](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Paleogene%20period.txt) <올리고세>가 끝나고 [신진기](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Neogene%20period.txt) <마이오세>가 시작

10 - 7 mya

- <Africa>'s major tectonic event that led to the [Formation of the Great Rift Valley](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Formation%20of%20the%20Great%20Rift%20Valley.txt).

8 - 6 mya

- The divergence of our hominid ancestors from the <Great Apes>.

5.333 mya

- <마이오세>가 끝나고 <플라이오세>가 시작

4.4 mya

- Emergence of [Bipedalism](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Bipedalism.txt) to avoid competition with monkeys(<Australopithecus anamensis>, <Australopithecus afarensis> - aka <Lucy>)
  - Upright posture and full eye contact provided room for the emergence of the first gestural signals.
  - The forearms can then be used to hold tools and weapons.
  - The move to [Bipedalism](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Bipedalism.txt) opened up major cognitive challenges in terms of the control of the hands.

4 mya

- Major reorganization of <Parietal cortex>.
  - Reduction of primary visual striate cortex
  - The enlargement of <Extrastriate parietal cortex>, <Angular gyrus>, and <Supramarginal gyrus>
- Such changes in the <Parietal cortex> support three basic cognitive functions.
    - Processing in the dorsal stream (see [Two-streams hypothesis](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Two-streams%20hypothesis.txt)) of the visual field is important for representing actions of the other in terms of one's own body image.
    - The association area of parietal maintain a map of the environment for navigation in the new bipedal mode.
    - The <Supramarginal gyrus> is involved in <Face perception>. Expansion of this area would facilitate the development of social patterns and memory for social relations. -> It played a large role during the next period of evolution (social cohesion).

3.5 mya

- The hominids in <East Africa> went through an expansion of their range and a proliferation of species.
    - Tight competition with range contraction leads a set of targeted neural-behavioral adaptations. - the subordination of vocal system to cortical control.
    - Side-effect of the cortical control over vocalization: local forms of communication like those of song-birds.
- How about the <Great apes> in <West Africa>?
    - The different requirements on group size in their arboreal habitat
    - No bipedal gait and its resultant improvements in face-to-face communication.

3 mya

- The <Australopithecus> evolve in savannas of <Africa>.
- A gradual tripling of brain size.
    - Massive changes in the interconnectedness of the <Frontal lobe>s.
    - Changes in the linkage of vocal production to motor and emotional areas.
    - Linkages of the visual areas to motor areas.
    - Expansion of many older areas, including the <Cerebellum>, <Basal ganglion>, and <Thalamus>.
    - (these changes are basis for an ability to produce actions through movement and sounds throught vocalization)

2.58 mya

- [신진기](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Neogene%20period.txt) <플라이오세>가 끝나고 [제4기](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Quaternary%20period.txt) <플라이스토세>가 시작. 제4기는 [신생대](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Cenozoic%20era.txt)의 마지막 기간이며 현재까지 이어진다.

2.5 mya

- Earliest stone tools - Oldowan (found in <Ethiopia> and <Kenya>, <Africa>); used to butcher carcasses for <meat> and to extract marrow from bones; linked with <Homo habilis>.

2 mya

- The remarkable expansion of habitat to all of <Africa> and <Eurasia> by <Homo erectus>.
- Brain expansion ran up against the [Bipedalism](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Bipedalism.txt), forcing a series of adaptations in female anatomy, parturition, and child rearing.
- New forms of symbolic communication system - the spontaneous interaction of vocalizations, postures, and gestures in specific social and pragmatic contexts.
    - Vocalizations had not yet been systematized. Gestural and postural patterns probably played a more central role.
    - But their iconic and situated nature may have seved as a barrier to abstract systematization.

1.8 mya (the end of the <Pliocene epoch>, and the beginning of the Ealry <Pleistocene epoch>)

- <Homo erectus> had achieved dominance over its hominid competitors.
- The onset of the glaciations of the <Pleistocene epoch>.
- <Homo erectus> spread beyond African <Homo erectus>. The first migration from Africa.

1.6 mya

- First evidence; likely hearths; linked with African <Homo erectus>.

1.5 mya

- Invention of Acheulean hand axe; linked with <Homo ergaster> - tall stature, long limbs.

1.2 mya

- Brain expansion in homo line begins.

1 mya

- Hominids spread to <Europe>.

800,000 ya

- Crude stone tool kit - found in <Spain>, linked with <Homo antecessor>.

780,000 ya (middle <Pleistocene epoch> begins)

600,000 - 400,000 ya

- Long crafted wooden spears and early hearths; linked with <Homo heidelbergensis> found in <Germany>.

500,000 - 100,000 ya

- Period of most rapid brain expansion in Homo line.

300,000 - 50,000 ya

- Gradual evolution of new system that supports a set of phonological contrasts.
    - A major expansion of the parts of the vertebrae that carry nerves for the intercostal muscles. (p384)
    - Loss of the canines.
    - Adaptation of the arytenoids.
    - Bending of the vocal tract.
    - shaping of the musculature of the tongue.

200,000 ya

- The emergence of <Homo sapiens> and <Mitochondrial Eve>.

200,000 - 30,000 ya

- <Neanderthals> flourish in <Europe> and western <Asia>.

126,000 ya

- Late <Pleistocene epoch> begins.

100,000 - 50,000 ya

- Exodus from Africa - second major migration. See also <Out of Africa theory>

70,000 ya

- Near extinction that brought the number of our direct ancestors down to only 10,000 individuals worldwide.

40,000 ya

- Explosion of diverse stone tools, bone tools, blade tools, well-designed fireplaces, elaborate art; found only among <Homo sapiens>, not among <Neanderthal>s.

40,000 - 35,000 ya

- <Homo sapiens> (<Cro-Magnon>) arrive in <Europe>.

30,000 ya

- <Neanderthal>s go extinct.

27,000 ya

- <Homo sapiens> colonize entire planet; all other hominid species are now extinct.

11,700 ya

- <플라이스토세>가 끝나고 [홀로세](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Holocene%20epoch.txt)가 시작
- <Holocene extinction>

## Articles

- 2025-03-18 - [Genetic study reveals hidden chapter in human evolution | University of Cambridge](https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/genetic-study-reveals-hidden-chapter-in-human-evolution)
  - Modern humans descended from not one, but at least 2 ancestral populations that drifted apart and later reconnected, long before modern humans spread across the globe.
- 2024-07-12 - [Princeton geneticists are rewriting the narrative of Neanderthals and other ancient humans](https://www.princeton.edu/news/2024/07/12/history-contact-princeton-geneticists-are-rewriting-narrative-neanderthals-and)

## See also

- [Evolutionary psychology (book)](https://wiki.g15e.com/pages/Evolutionary%20psychology%20(book.txt)) 중 "Table 1.1 Milestones in Human Evolutionary History"
- <Origins of the social mind> 중 <Language evolution and human development>
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution